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Canon law is only in use by members of the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Anglican Communion. The Old Testament dates back to 1280 BC and takes the form of moral imperatives as recommendations for a good society. The small Greek city-state, ancient Athens, from about the 8th century BC was the first society to be based on broad inclusion of its citizenry, excluding women and enslaved people. However, Athens had no legal science or single word for “law”, relying instead on the three-way distinction between divine law (thémis), human decree and custom (díkē). Yet Ancient Greek law contained major constitutional innovations in the development of democracy. Emory Law’s academic centers and interdisciplinary programs provide students with access to leading legal scholars in policy and research, in-depth seminars and conferences/symposia by renowned experts, and access to respected practitioners.

  • Exporting a table of contents is an easy way to get access to a list of rules, codes or restatements that you can reference on the fly and add to your outlines, as needed.
  • Strict duties for trustees made their way into company law and were applied to directors and chief executive officers.
  • Since the mid-1940s, efforts have been made, in country after country, to bring Sharia law more into line with modern conditions and conceptions.
  • In common law systems, judges may make binding case law through precedent, although on occasion this may be overturned by a higher court or the legislature.
  • In order to maintain professionalism, the practice of law is typically overseen by either a government or independent regulating body such as a bar association, bar council or law society.
  • Ancient Egyptian law, dating as far back as 3000 BC, was based on the concept of Ma’at and characterised by tradition, rhetorical speech, social equality and impartiality.

The most prominent economic analyst of law is 1991 Nobel Prize winner Ronald Coase, whose first major article, The Nature of the Firm , argued that the reason for the existence of firms (companies, partnerships, etc.) is the existence of transaction costs. Rational individuals trade through bilateral contracts on open markets until the costs of transactions mean that using corporations to produce things is more cost-effective. His second major article, The Problem of Social Cost , argued that if we lived in a world without transaction costs, people would bargain with one another to create the same allocation of resources, regardless of the way a court might rule in property disputes. Coase used the example of a nuisance case named Sturges v Bridgman, where a noisy sweetmaker and a quiet doctor were neighbours and went to court to see who should have to move. So the law ought to pre-empt what would happen, and be guided by the most efficient solution.

Future Student

This involves collective bargaining regulation, and the right to strike. Individual employment Law News refers to workplace rights, such as job security, health and safety or a minimum wage. Another example of tort might be a neighbour making excessively loud noises with machinery on his property. Torts can also involve intentional acts such as assault, battery or trespass. A better known tort is defamation, which occurs, for example, when a newspaper makes unsupportable allegations that damage a politician’s reputation.

State Regulations

Given the trend of increasing global economic integration, many regional agreements—especially the African Union—seek to follow a similar model. In the EU, sovereign nations have gathered their authority in a system of courts and the European Parliament. These institutions are allowed the ability to enforce legal norms both against or for member states and citizens in a manner which is not possible through public international law. As the European Court of Justice noted in its 1963 Van Gend en Loos decision, European Union law constitutes “a new legal order of international law” for the mutual social and economic benefit of the member states. Freedom of speech, freedom of association and many other individual rights allow people to gather, discuss, criticise and hold to account their governments, from which the basis of a deliberative democracy is formed. The more people are involved with, concerned by and capable of changing how political power is exercised over their lives, the more acceptable and legitimate the law becomes to the people.

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Aviation law deals with all regulations and technical standards applicable to the safe operation of aircraft, and is an essential part both of pilots’ training and pilot’s operations. Non adherence to Air Law regulations and standards renders a flight operation illegal. It is framed by national civil aviation acts , themselves mostly aligned with the recommendations or mandatory standards of the International Civil Aviation Organisation or ICAO. They constantly evolve in order to adapt to new technologies or science . Environmental law is increasingly important, especially in light of the Kyoto Protocol and the potential danger of climate change. Environmental protection also serves to penalise polluters within domestic legal systems.